Real-Time File System Event Mapping To Cloud Events

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the disclosure relate to processing systems using improved techniques for mapping events from user device to a cloud storage system. A computing platform, such as a cloud event mapping platform, may receive, at a task manager hosted on the computing platform, events to be processed. The computing platform may use the task manager to determine file objects corresponding to each event. The computing platform may use the task manager to determine a subset of the events to be processed by each dispatcher. The computing platform may use a first dispatcher to generate an event dispatch queue using a plurality of heuristics. After determining expiration of a delay corresponding to each event in the dispatch queue, the computing platform may dispatch each event in the dispatch queue for execution.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 16/022,900filed on Jun. 29, 2018, and entitled “Real-Time File System EventMapping to Cloud Events,” which is hereby incorporated by reference asto its entirety.

FIELD

Aspects described herein generally relate to enhancing processingsystems for performing event mapping from a local file system to a cloudenvironment. In particular, one or more aspects of the disclosure relateto using a client side file manager to route events corresponding tofile objects via dispatchers. One or more aspects of the disclosure alsorelate to using these dispatchers to apply heuristics to theirrespective dispatch queues, and to dispatch the events in the variousdispatch queues after determining expiration of a time delaycorresponding to each event.

BACKGROUND

Many organizations and individuals rely on cloud storage applications asa means for storing and accessing various files. It may be important toensure an effective and efficient method for mapping events from auser's local file system to a cloud environment. In many instances,however, it may be difficult to facilitate event mapping in near realtime while ensuring that events are effectively executed by the cloudenvironment.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary of various aspects describedherein. This summary is not an extensive overview, and is not intendedto identify required or critical elements or to delineate the scope ofthe claims. The following summary merely presents some concepts in asimplified form as an introductory prelude to the more detaileddescription provided below.

To overcome limitations in the prior art described above, and toovercome other limitations that will be apparent upon reading andunderstanding the present specification, aspects described herein aredirected towards systems and methods for mapping events from a localfile system to a cloud environment in near real time. In one or moreembodiments, a cloud event mapping platform comprising at least oneprocessor, a communication interface, and memory may receive, at a taskmanager hosted on the cloud event mapping platform, one or more eventsto be processed by the cloud event mapping platform. The cloud eventmapping platform may determine, using the task manager, one or more fileobjects corresponding to the one or more events. The cloud event mappingplatform may determine, using the task manager, a subset of the one ormore events to be processed by each of a plurality of dispatchers. Thecloud event mapping platform may process, using a first dispatcher, afirst subset of events to generate a dispatch queue. The cloud eventmapping platform may determine, using the first dispatcher, anexpiration of a time delay corresponding to each event in the dispatchqueue. The cloud event mapping platform may dispatch, using the firstdispatcher and based on determining the expiration of the time delaycorresponding to each event in the dispatch queue, each event of thefirst subset of events in the dispatch queue for execution in a cloudenvironment.

In some embodiments, the cloud event mapping platform may generate thedispatch queue by translating at least one of the first subset of eventsfrom a first domain to a second domain.

In some embodiments, the cloud event mapping platform may translate theat least one of the first subset of events from the first domain to thesecond domain by deleting at least one of the first subset of events.

In some embodiments, the cloud event mapping platform may delete atleast one of the first subset of events in response to determining thatthe dispatch queue already contains one or more of the first subset ofevents.

In some embodiments, the cloud event mapping platform may translate thefirst subset of events from the first domain to the second domain byadding an event to the first subset of events.

In some embodiments, the cloud event mapping platform may determine thesubset of the one or more events to be processed by each dispatcher inreal time as the one or more events are received.

In some embodiments, the cloud event mapping platform may process, usinga second dispatcher, a second subset of events to generate a seconddispatch queue. In these embodiments, the first dispatcher maycorrespond to a first file object and the second dispatcher maycorrespond to a second file object. The cloud event mapping platform maydetermine, using the second dispatcher, that there is a remaining timedelay corresponding to an event in the second dispatch queue. The cloudevent mapping platform may dispatch, using the second dispatcher andafter determining expiration of the remaining time delay, each of thesecond subset of events in the second dispatch queue for execution.

In some embodiments, the task manager may be a first object hosted bythe cloud event mapping platform configured to translate events from asource domain to a destination domain by identifying each of the one ormore events, determine a dispatcher for each of the one or more events,and provide the one or more events to the respective dispatchers.

In some embodiments, the source domain may correspond to a local filesystem, the destination domain may correspond to the cloud environment,and the one or more events may correspond to events taken on cloud-basedfiles by the local file system.

In some embodiments, the cloud event mapping platform may translate theevents from the source domain to the destination domain by causing acloud storage application to update data in the cloud environment basedon the one or more events from the local file system.

In some embodiments, the cloud event mapping platform may update, basedon execution of the one or more events, the cloud storage application.

In some embodiments, the plurality of dispatchers may include a seconddispatcher comprising a second object hosted by the cloud event mappingplatform. The second dispatcher may be configured to add an event to asecond dispatch queue, perform heuristics on the second dispatch queue,and provide the second dispatch queue for execution after apredetermined period of time.

In some embodiments, the cloud event mapping platform may determine adifferent predetermined period of time for each event type representedin the dispatch queue.

In some embodiments, the cloud event mapping platform may perform theheuristics on the dispatch queue by performing one or more of:modifying, eliminating, and adding events.

In some embodiments, the cloud event mapping platform may dynamicallyadjust the predetermined period of time based on an event context.

In some embodiments, each of the plurality of dispatchers may be hostedby the cloud event mapping platform and each of the one or moredispatchers may correspond to a different file object.

In some embodiments, the predetermined period of time may be adjusted atthe first dispatcher and the event context may correspond to an event atthe second dispatcher.

In some embodiments, the cloud event mapping platform may determine theheuristics using one or more machine learning algorithms and one or moremachine learning datasets stored at the cloud event mapping platform.

These and additional aspects will be appreciated with the benefit of thedisclosures discussed in further detail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete understanding of aspects described herein and theadvantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the followingdescription in consideration of the accompanying drawings, in which likereference numbers indicate like features, and wherein:

FIG. 1 depicts an illustrative computer system architecture that may beused in accordance with one or more illustrative aspects describedherein.

FIG. 2 depicts an illustrative remote-access system architecture thatmay be used in accordance with one or more illustrative aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 3 depicts an illustrative virtualized (hypervisor) systemarchitecture that may be used in accordance with one or moreillustrative aspects described herein.

FIG. 4 depicts an illustrative cloud-based system architecture that maybe used in accordance with one or more illustrative aspects describedherein.

FIG. 5 depicts an illustrative enterprise mobility management system.

FIG. 6 depicts another illustrative enterprise mobility managementsystem.

FIGS. 7A-7B depict an illustrative computing environment for deploying acloud event mapping platform that utilizes improved event processing anddispatch techniques in accordance with one or more illustrative aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 8 depicts an illustrative method for deploying a cloud eventmapping platform that utilizes improved event processing and dispatchtechniques in accordance with one or more illustrative aspects describedherein.

FIG. 9 depicts an illustrative event sequence for deploying a cloudevent mapping platform that utilizes improved event processing anddispatch techniques in accordance with one or more illustrative aspectsdescribed herein.

FIGS. 10A-10B depict applications of the improved event processing anddispatch techniques described in accordance with one or moreillustrative aspects described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description of the various embodiments, reference ismade to the accompanying drawings identified above and which form a parthereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration various embodimentsin which aspects described herein may be practiced. It is to beunderstood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural andfunctional modifications may be made without departing from the scopedescribed herein. Various aspects are capable of other embodiments andof being practiced or being carried out in various different ways.

As a general introduction to the subject matter described in more detailbelow, aspects described herein are directed towards systems and methodsfor event mapping from a local file system to a cloud environment. Atask manager, hosted on a cloud event mapping platform, may routeevents, received from the local file system, to various dispatchersbased on file objects corresponding to the events. The dispatchers mayapply a series of heuristics to their respective dispatch queues. Thedispatchers may each determine expiration of a time delay correspondingto events in their respective dispatch queues, and may dispatch theevents for backend execution by the cloud environment. In these ways,the cloud event mapping platform may enable mapping of events at a localfile system to a cloud environment in near real time, while stillmaintaining a proper execution order of the events in backendprocessing. As a result, inaccurate sequencing and execution of eventsin the cloud environment may be prevented and individuals mayeffectively perform various actions on cloud based files from a localdevice.

Further, this solution may address complications caused by attempting toachieve near real time performance in cloud event mapping usingasynchronous and synchronous approaches. In the asynchronous approach,events arriving at a processing queue while other events are beingexecuted may cause the executing event to fail if the new event modifiesthe state that the previous events were dependent on. In some examples,this may present concurrency issues and may make error recoverydifficult because the event state may not remain consistentlysynchronized between a source domain and a destination domain. In thesynchronous approach, each event may be processed in the order they arereceived in the processing queue. In addition, events may not beprocessed until previous events have been executed. This may result in adelay corresponding to execution of each event. As a result, both thesynchronous and asynchronous approach may suffer from the fact that itis not necessarily safe to process all events precisely as they arereceived. Rather, by processing events in the precise order that theyare received may create an undesired state in the source domain, thedestination domain, or both. In attempting to mitigate creation of anundesired state, previously queued events may be modified. However,without a controlled delay corresponding to each event, the cloudenvironment may be unable to ensure that a problematic event has notalready been executed before a new event that should modify the previousevent has been added to the processing queue. The proposed methodprovides a solution to such problems.

It is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used hereinare for the purpose of description and should not be regarded aslimiting. Rather, the phrases and terms used herein are to be giventheir broadest interpretation and meaning. The use of “including” and“comprising” and variations thereof is meant to encompass the itemslisted thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional itemsand equivalents thereof. The use of the terms “mounted,” “connected,”“coupled,” “positioned,” “engaged” and similar terms, is meant toinclude both direct and indirect mounting, connecting, coupling,positioning and engaging.

Computing Architecture

Computer software, hardware, and networks may be utilized in a varietyof different system environments, including standalone, networked,remote-access (also known as remote desktop), virtualized, and/orcloud-based environments, among others. FIG. 1 illustrates one exampleof a system architecture and data processing device that may be used toimplement one or more illustrative aspects described herein in astandalone and/or networked environment. Various network nodes 103, 105,107, and 109 may be interconnected via a wide area network (WAN) 101,such as the Internet. Other networks may also or alternatively be used,including private intranets, corporate networks, local area networks(LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), wireless networks, personalnetworks (PAN), and the like. Network 101 is for illustration purposesand may be replaced with fewer or additional computer networks. A localarea network 133 may have one or more of any known LAN topology and mayuse one or more of a variety of different protocols, such as Ethernet.Devices 103, 105, 107, and 109 and other devices (not shown) may beconnected to one or more of the networks via twisted pair wires, coaxialcable, fiber optics, radio waves, or other communication media.

The term “network” as used herein and depicted in the drawings refersnot only to systems in which remote storage devices are coupled togethervia one or more communication paths, but also to stand-alone devicesthat may be coupled, from time to time, to such systems that havestorage capability. Consequently, the term “network” includes not only a“physical network” but also a “content network,” which is comprised ofthe data—attributable to a single entity—which resides across allphysical networks.

The components may include data server 103, web server 105, and clientcomputers 107, 109. Data server 103 provides overall access, control andadministration of databases and control software for performing one ormore illustrative aspects describe herein. Data server 103 may beconnected to web server 105 through which users interact with and obtaindata as requested. Alternatively, data server 103 may act as a webserver itself and be directly connected to the Internet. Data server 103may be connected to web server 105 through the local area network 133,the wide area network 101 (e.g., the Internet), via direct or indirectconnection, or via some other network. Users may interact with the dataserver 103 using remote computers 107, 109, e.g., using a web browser toconnect to the data server 103 via one or more externally exposed websites hosted by web server 105. Client computers 107, 109 may be used inconcert with data server 103 to access data stored therein, or may beused for other purposes. For example, from client device 107 a user mayaccess web server 105 using an Internet browser, as is known in the art,or by executing a software application that communicates with web server105 and/or data server 103 over a computer network (such as theInternet).

Servers and applications may be combined on the same physical machines,and retain separate virtual or logical addresses, or may reside onseparate physical machines. FIG. 1 illustrates just one example of anetwork architecture that may be used, and those of skill in the artwill appreciate that the specific network architecture and dataprocessing devices used may vary, and are secondary to the functionalitythat they provide, as further described herein. For example, servicesprovided by web server 105 and data server 103 may be combined on asingle server.

Each component 103, 105, 107, 109 may be any type of known computer,server, or data processing device. Data server 103, e.g., may include aprocessor 111 controlling overall operation of the data server 103. Dataserver 103 may further include random access memory (RAM) 113, read onlymemory (ROM) 115, network interface 117, input/output interfaces 119(e.g., keyboard, mouse, display, printer, etc.), and memory 121.Input/output (I/O) 119 may include a variety of interface units anddrives for reading, writing, displaying, and/or printing data or files.Memory 121 may further store operating system software 123 forcontrolling overall operation of the data processing device 103, controllogic 125 for instructing data server 103 to perform aspects describedherein, and other application software 127 providing secondary, support,and/or other functionality which may or might not be used in conjunctionwith aspects described herein. The control logic 125 may also bereferred to herein as the data server software 125. Functionality of thedata server software 125 may refer to operations or decisions madeautomatically based on rules coded into the control logic 125, mademanually by a user providing input into the system, and/or a combinationof automatic processing based on user input (e.g., queries, dataupdates, etc.).

Memory 121 may also store data used in performance of one or moreaspects described herein, including a first database 129 and a seconddatabase 131. In some embodiments, the first database 129 may includethe second database 131 (e.g., as a separate table, report, etc.). Thatis, the information can be stored in a single database, or separatedinto different logical, virtual, or physical databases, depending onsystem design. Devices 105, 107, and 109 may have similar or differentarchitecture as described with respect to device 103. Those of skill inthe art will appreciate that the functionality of data processing device103 (or device 105, 107, or 109) as described herein may be spreadacross multiple data processing devices, for example, to distributeprocessing load across multiple computers, to segregate transactionsbased on geographic location, user access level, quality of service(QoS), etc.

One or more aspects may be embodied in computer-usable or readable dataand/or computer-executable instructions, such as in one or more programmodules, executed by one or more computers or other devices as describedherein. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects,components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks orimplement particular abstract data types when executed by a processor ina computer or other device. The modules may be written in a source codeprogramming language that is subsequently compiled for execution, or maybe written in a scripting language such as (but not limited to)HyperText Markup Language (HTML) or Extensible Markup Language (XML).The computer executable instructions may be stored on a computerreadable medium such as a nonvolatile storage device. Any suitablecomputer readable storage media may be utilized, including hard disks,CD-ROMs, optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, and/or anycombination thereof. In addition, various transmission (non-storage)media representing data or events as described herein may be transferredbetween a source and a destination in the form of electromagnetic wavestraveling through signal-conducting media such as metal wires, opticalfibers, and/or wireless transmission media (e.g., air and/or space).Various aspects described herein may be embodied as a method, a dataprocessing system, or a computer program product. Therefore, variousfunctionalities may be embodied in whole or in part in software,firmware, and/or hardware or hardware equivalents such as integratedcircuits, field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), and the like.Particular data structures may be used to more effectively implement oneor more aspects described herein, and such data structures arecontemplated within the scope of computer executable instructions andcomputer-usable data described herein.

With further reference to FIG. 2, one or more aspects described hereinmay be implemented in a remote-access environment. FIG. 2 depicts anexample system architecture including a computing device 201 in anillustrative computing environment 200 that may be used according to oneor more illustrative aspects described herein. Computing device 201 maybe used as a server 206 a in a single-server or multi-server desktopvirtualization system (e.g., a remote access or cloud system) and may beconfigured to provide virtual machines for client access devices. Thecomputing device 201 may have a processor 203 for controlling overalloperation of the device 201 and its associated components, including RAM205, ROM 207, Input/Output (I/O) module 209, and memory 215.

I/O module 209 may include a mouse, keypad, touch screen, scanner,optical reader, and/or stylus (or other input device(s)) through which auser of computing device 201 may provide input, and may also include oneor more of a speaker for providing audio output and one or more of avideo display device for providing textual, audiovisual, and/orgraphical output. Software may be stored within memory 215 and/or otherstorage to provide instructions to processor 203 for configuringcomputing device 201 into a special purpose computing device in order toperform various functions as described herein. For example, memory 215may store software used by the computing device 201, such as anoperating system 217, application programs 219, and an associateddatabase 221.

Computing device 201 may operate in a networked environment supportingconnections to one or more remote computers, such as terminals 240 (alsoreferred to as client devices). The terminals 240 may be personalcomputers, mobile devices, laptop computers, tablets, or servers thatinclude many or all of the elements described above with respect to thecomputing device 103 or 201. The network connections depicted in FIG. 2include a local area network (LAN) 225 and a wide area network (WAN)229, but may also include other networks. When used in a LAN networkingenvironment, computing device 201 may be connected to the LAN 225through a network interface or adapter 223. When used in a WANnetworking environment, computing device 201 may include a modem orother wide area network interface 227 for establishing communicationsover the WAN 229, such as computer network 230 (e.g., the Internet). Itwill be appreciated that the network connections shown are illustrativeand other means of establishing a communications link between thecomputers may be used. Computing device 201 and/or terminals 240 mayalso be mobile terminals (e.g., mobile phones, smartphones, personaldigital assistants (PDAs), notebooks, etc.) including various othercomponents, such as a battery, speaker, and antennas (not shown).

Aspects described herein may also be operational with numerous othergeneral purpose or special purpose computing system environments orconfigurations. Examples of other computing systems, environments,and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with aspectsdescribed herein include, but are not limited to, personal computers,server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems,microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumerelectronics, network personal computers (PCs), minicomputers, mainframecomputers, distributed computing environments that include any of theabove systems or devices, and the like.

As shown in FIG. 2, one or more client devices 240 may be incommunication with one or more servers 206 a-206 n (generally referredto herein as “server(s) 206”). In one embodiment, the computingenvironment 200 may include a network appliance installed between theserver(s) 206 and client machine(s) 240. The network appliance maymanage client/server connections, and in some cases can load balanceclient connections amongst a plurality of backend servers 206.

The client machine(s) 240 may in some embodiments be referred to as asingle client machine 240 or a single group of client machines 240,while server(s) 206 may be referred to as a single server 206 or asingle group of servers 206. In one embodiment a single client machine240 communicates with more than one server 206, while in anotherembodiment a single server 206 communicates with more than one clientmachine 240. In yet another embodiment, a single client machine 240communicates with a single server 206.

A client machine 240 can, in some embodiments, be referenced by any oneof the following non-exhaustive terms: client machine(s); client(s);client computer(s); client device(s); client computing device(s); localmachine; remote machine; client node(s); endpoint(s); or endpointnode(s). The server 206, in some embodiments, may be referenced by anyone of the following non-exhaustive terms: server(s), local machine;remote machine; server farm(s), or host computing device(s).

In one embodiment, the client machine 240 may be a virtual machine. Thevirtual machine may be any virtual machine, while in some embodimentsthe virtual machine may be any virtual machine managed by a Type 1 orType 2 hypervisor, for example, a hypervisor developed by CitrixSystems, IBM, VMware, or any other hypervisor. In some aspects, thevirtual machine may be managed by a hypervisor, while in other aspectsthe virtual machine may be managed by a hypervisor executing on a server206 or a hypervisor executing on a client 240.

Some embodiments include a client device 240 that displays applicationoutput generated by an application remotely executing on a server 206 orother remotely located machine. In these embodiments, the client device240 may execute a virtual machine receiver program or application todisplay the output in an application window, a browser, or other outputwindow. In one example, the application is a desktop, while in otherexamples the application is an application that generates or presents adesktop. A desktop may include a graphical shell providing a userinterface for an instance of an operating system in which local and/orremote applications can be integrated. Applications, as used herein, areprograms that execute after an instance of an operating system (and,optionally, also the desktop) has been loaded.

The server 206, in some embodiments, uses a remote presentation protocolor other program to send data to a thin-client or remote-displayapplication executing on the client to present display output generatedby an application executing on the server 206. The thin-client orremote-display protocol can be any one of the following non-exhaustivelist of protocols: the Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) protocoldeveloped by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.; or the RemoteDesktop Protocol (RDP) manufactured by the Microsoft Corporation ofRedmond, Wash.

A remote computing environment may include more than one server 206a-206 n such that the servers 206 a-206 n are logically grouped togetherinto a server farm 206, for example, in a cloud computing environment.The server farm 206 may include servers 206 that are geographicallydispersed while logically grouped together, or servers 206 that arelocated proximate to each other while logically grouped together.Geographically dispersed servers 206 a-206 n within a server farm 206can, in some embodiments, communicate using a WAN (wide), MAN(metropolitan), or LAN (local), where different geographic regions canbe characterized as: different continents; different regions of acontinent; different countries; different states; different cities;different campuses; different rooms; or any combination of the precedinggeographical locations. In some embodiments the server farm 206 may beadministered as a single entity, while in other embodiments the serverfarm 206 can include multiple server farms.

In some embodiments, a server farm may include servers 206 that executea substantially similar type of operating system platform (e.g.,WINDOWS, UNIX, LINUX, iOS, ANDROID, SYMBIAN, etc.) In other embodiments,server farm 206 may include a first group of one or more servers thatexecute a first type of operating system platform, and a second group ofone or more servers that execute a second type of operating systemplatform.

Server 206 may be configured as any type of server, as needed, e.g., afile server, an application server, a web server, a proxy server, anappliance, a network appliance, a gateway, an application gateway, agateway server, a virtualization server, a deployment server, a SecureSockets Layer (SSL) VPN server, a firewall, a web server, an applicationserver or as a master application server, a server executing an activedirectory, or a server executing an application acceleration programthat provides firewall functionality, application functionality, or loadbalancing functionality. Other server types may also be used.

Some embodiments include a first server 206 a that receives requestsfrom a client machine 240, forwards the request to a second server 206 b(not shown), and responds to the request generated by the client machine240 with a response from the second server 206 b (not shown.) Firstserver 206 a may acquire an enumeration of applications available to theclient machine 240 as well as address information associated with anapplication server 206 hosting an application identified within theenumeration of applications. First server 206 a can then present aresponse to the client's request using a web interface, and communicatedirectly with the client 240 to provide the client 240 with access to anidentified application. One or more clients 240 and/or one or moreservers 206 may transmit data over network 230, e.g., network 101.

FIG. 3 shows a high-level architecture of an illustrative desktopvirtualization system. As shown, the desktop virtualization system maybe single-server or multi-server system, or cloud system, including atleast one virtualization server 301 configured to provide virtualdesktops and/or virtual applications to one or more client accessdevices 240. As used herein, a desktop refers to a graphical environmentor space in which one or more applications may be hosted and/orexecuted. A desktop may include a graphical shell providing a userinterface for an instance of an operating system in which local and/orremote applications can be integrated. Applications may include programsthat execute after an instance of an operating system (and, optionally,also the desktop) has been loaded. Each instance of the operating systemmay be physical (e.g., one operating system per device) or virtual(e.g., many instances of an OS running on a single device). Eachapplication may be executed on a local device, or executed on a remotelylocated device (e.g., remoted).

A computer device 301 may be configured as a virtualization server in avirtualization environment, for example, a single-server, multi-server,or cloud computing environment. Virtualization server 301 illustrated inFIG. 3 can be deployed as and/or implemented by one or more embodimentsof the server 206 illustrated in FIG. 2 or by other known computingdevices. Included in virtualization server 301 is a hardware layer thatcan include one or more physical disks 304, one or more physical devices306, one or more physical processors 308, and one or more physicalmemories 316. In some embodiments, firmware 312 can be stored within amemory element in the physical memory 316 and can be executed by one ormore of the physical processors 308. Virtualization server 301 mayfurther include an operating system 314 that may be stored in a memoryelement in the physical memory 316 and executed by one or more of thephysical processors 308. Still further, a hypervisor 302 may be storedin a memory element in the physical memory 316 and can be executed byone or more of the physical processors 308.

Executing on one or more of the physical processors 308 may be one ormore virtual machines 332A-C (generally 332). Each virtual machine 332may have a virtual disk 326A-C and a virtual processor 328A-C. In someembodiments, a first virtual machine 332A may execute, using a virtualprocessor 328A, a control program 320 that includes a tools stack 324.Control program 320 may be referred to as a control virtual machine,Dom0, Domain 0, or other virtual machine used for system administrationand/or control. In some embodiments, one or more virtual machines 332B-Ccan execute, using a virtual processor 328B-C, a guest operating system330A-B.

Virtualization server 301 may include a hardware layer 310 with one ormore pieces of hardware that communicate with the virtualization server301. In some embodiments, the hardware layer 310 can include one or morephysical disks 304, one or more physical devices 306, one or morephysical processors 308, and one or more physical memory 316. Physicalcomponents 304, 306, 308, and 316 may include, for example, any of thecomponents described above. Physical devices 306 may include, forexample, a network interface card, a video card, a keyboard, a mouse, aninput device, a monitor, a display device, speakers, an optical drive, astorage device, a universal serial bus connection, a printer, a scanner,a network element (e.g., router, firewall, network address translator,load balancer, virtual private network (VPN) gateway, Dynamic HostConfiguration Protocol (DHCP) router, etc.), or any device connected toor communicating with virtualization server 301. Physical memory 316 inthe hardware layer 310 may include any type of memory. Physical memory316 may store data, and in some embodiments may store one or moreprograms, or set of executable instructions. FIG. 3 illustrates anembodiment where firmware 312 is stored within the physical memory 316of virtualization server 301. Programs or executable instructions storedin the physical memory 316 can be executed by the one or more processors308 of virtualization server 301.

Virtualization server 301 may also include a hypervisor 302. In someembodiments, hypervisor 302 may be a program executed by processors 308on virtualization server 301 to create and manage any number of virtualmachines 332. Hypervisor 302 may be referred to as a virtual machinemonitor, or platform virtualization software. In some embodiments,hypervisor 302 can be any combination of executable instructions andhardware that monitors virtual machines executing on a computingmachine. Hypervisor 302 may be Type 2 hypervisor, where the hypervisorexecutes within an operating system 314 executing on the virtualizationserver 301. Virtual machines may then execute at a level above thehypervisor 302. In some embodiments, the Type 2 hypervisor may executewithin the context of a user's operating system such that the Type 2hypervisor interacts with the user's operating system. In otherembodiments, one or more virtualization servers 301 in a virtualizationenvironment may instead include a Type 1 hypervisor (not shown). A Type1 hypervisor may execute on the virtualization server 301 by directlyaccessing the hardware and resources within the hardware layer 310. Thatis, while a Type 2 hypervisor 302 accesses system resources through ahost operating system 314, as shown, a Type 1 hypervisor may directlyaccess all system resources without the host operating system 314. AType 1 hypervisor may execute directly on one or more physicalprocessors 308 of virtualization server 301, and may include programdata stored in the physical memory 316.

Hypervisor 302, in some embodiments, can provide virtual resources tooperating systems 330 or control programs 320 executing on virtualmachines 332 in any manner that simulates the operating systems 330 orcontrol programs 320 having direct access to system resources. Systemresources can include, but are not limited to, physical devices 306,physical disks 304, physical processors 308, physical memory 316, andany other component included in hardware layer 310 of the virtualizationserver 301. Hypervisor 302 may be used to emulate virtual hardware,partition physical hardware, virtualize physical hardware, and/orexecute virtual machines that provide access to computing environments.In still other embodiments, hypervisor 302 may control processorscheduling and memory partitioning for a virtual machine 332 executingon virtualization server 301. Hypervisor 302 may include thosemanufactured by VMWare, Inc., of Palo Alto, Calif.; the XENPROJECThypervisor, an open source product whose development is overseen by theopen source XenProject.org community; HyperV, VirtualServer or virtualPC hypervisors provided by Microsoft, or others. In some embodiments,virtualization server 301 may execute a hypervisor 302 that creates avirtual machine platform on which guest operating systems may execute.In these embodiments, the virtualization server 301 may be referred toas a host server. An example of such a virtualization server is theXENSERVER provided by Citrix Systems, Inc., of Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

Hypervisor 302 may create one or more virtual machines 332B-C (generally332) in which guest operating systems 330 execute. In some embodiments,hypervisor 302 may load a virtual machine image to create a virtualmachine 332. In other embodiments, the hypervisor 302 may execute aguest operating system 330 within virtual machine 332. In still otherembodiments, virtual machine 332 may execute guest operating system 330.

In addition to creating virtual machines 332, hypervisor 302 may controlthe execution of at least one virtual machine 332. In other embodiments,hypervisor 302 may present at least one virtual machine 332 with anabstraction of at least one hardware resource provided by thevirtualization server 301 (e.g., any hardware resource available withinthe hardware layer 310). In other embodiments, hypervisor 302 maycontrol the manner in which virtual machines 332 access physicalprocessors 308 available in virtualization server 301. Controllingaccess to physical processors 308 may include determining whether avirtual machine 332 should have access to a processor 308, and howphysical processor capabilities are presented to the virtual machine332.

As shown in FIG. 3, virtualization server 301 may host or execute one ormore virtual machines 332. A virtual machine 332 is a set of executableinstructions that, when executed by a processor 308, may imitate theoperation of a physical computer such that the virtual machine 332 canexecute programs and processes much like a physical computing device.While FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment where a virtualization server 301hosts three virtual machines 332, in other embodiments virtualizationserver 301 can host any number of virtual machines 332. Hypervisor 302,in some embodiments, may provide each virtual machine 332 with a uniquevirtual view of the physical hardware, memory, processor, and othersystem resources available to that virtual machine 332. In someembodiments, the unique virtual view can be based on one or more ofvirtual machine permissions, application of a policy engine to one ormore virtual machine identifiers, a user accessing a virtual machine,the applications executing on a virtual machine, networks accessed by avirtual machine, or any other desired criteria. For instance, hypervisor302 may create one or more unsecure virtual machines 332 and one or moresecure virtual machines 332. Unsecure virtual machines 332 may beprevented from accessing resources, hardware, memory locations, andprograms that secure virtual machines 332 may be permitted to access. Inother embodiments, hypervisor 302 may provide each virtual machine 332with a substantially similar virtual view of the physical hardware,memory, processor, and other system resources available to the virtualmachines 332.

Each virtual machine 332 may include a virtual disk 326A-C (generally326) and a virtual processor 328A-C (generally 328.) The virtual disk326, in some embodiments, is a virtualized view of one or more physicaldisks 304 of the virtualization server 301, or a portion of one or morephysical disks 304 of the virtualization server 301. The virtualizedview of the physical disks 304 can be generated, provided, and managedby the hypervisor 302. In some embodiments, hypervisor 302 provides eachvirtual machine 332 with a unique view of the physical disks 304. Thus,in these embodiments, the particular virtual disk 326 included in eachvirtual machine 332 can be unique when compared with the other virtualdisks 326.

A virtual processor 328 can be a virtualized view of one or morephysical processors 308 of the virtualization server 301. In someembodiments, the virtualized view of the physical processors 308 can begenerated, provided, and managed by hypervisor 302. In some embodiments,virtual processor 328 has substantially all of the same characteristicsof at least one physical processor 308. In other embodiments, virtualprocessor 308 provides a modified view of physical processors 308 suchthat at least some of the characteristics of the virtual processor 328are different than the characteristics of the corresponding physicalprocessor 308.

With further reference to FIG. 4, some aspects described herein may beimplemented in a cloud-based environment. FIG. 4 illustrates an exampleof a cloud computing environment (or cloud system) 400. As seen in FIG.4, client computers 411-414 may communicate with a cloud managementserver 410 to access the computing resources (e.g., host servers 403a-403 b (generally referred herein as “host servers 403”), storageresources 404 a-404 b (generally referred herein as “storage resources404”), and network elements 405 a-405 b (generally referred herein as“network resources 405”)) of the cloud system.

Management server 410 may be implemented on one or more physicalservers. The management server 410 may run, for example, CLOUDPLATFORMby Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., or OPENSTACK, amongothers. Management server 410 may manage various computing resources,including cloud hardware and software resources, for example, hostcomputers 403, data storage devices 404, and networking devices 405. Thecloud hardware and software resources may include private and/or publiccomponents. For example, a cloud may be configured as a private cloud tobe used by one or more particular customers or client computers 411-414and/or over a private network. In other embodiments, public clouds orhybrid public-private clouds may be used by other customers over an openor hybrid networks.

Management server 410 may be configured to provide user interfacesthrough which cloud operators and cloud customers may interact with thecloud system 400. For example, the management server 410 may provide aset of application programming interfaces (APIs) and/or one or morecloud operator console applications (e.g., web-based or standaloneapplications) with user interfaces to allow cloud operators to managethe cloud resources, configure the virtualization layer, manage customeraccounts, and perform other cloud administration tasks. The managementserver 410 also may include a set of APIs and/or one or more customerconsole applications with user interfaces configured to receive cloudcomputing requests from end users via client computers 411-414, forexample, requests to create, modify, or destroy virtual machines withinthe cloud. Client computers 411-414 may connect to management server 410via the Internet or some other communication network, and may requestaccess to one or more of the computing resources managed by managementserver 410. In response to client requests, the management server 410may include a resource manager configured to select and provisionphysical resources in the hardware layer of the cloud system based onthe client requests. For example, the management server 410 andadditional components of the cloud system may be configured toprovision, create, and manage virtual machines and their operatingenvironments (e.g., hypervisors, storage resources, services offered bythe network elements, etc.) for customers at client computers 411-414,over a network (e.g., the Internet), providing customers withcomputational resources, data storage services, networking capabilities,and computer platform and application support. Cloud systems also may beconfigured to provide various specific services, including securitysystems, development environments, user interfaces, and the like.

Certain clients 411-414 may be related, for example, to different clientcomputers creating virtual machines on behalf of the same end user, ordifferent users affiliated with the same company or organization. Inother examples, certain clients 411-414 may be unrelated, such as usersaffiliated with different companies or organizations. For unrelatedclients, information on the virtual machines or storage of any one usermay be hidden from other users.

Referring now to the physical hardware layer of a cloud computingenvironment, availability zones 401-402 (or zones) may refer to acollocated set of physical computing resources. Zones may begeographically separated from other zones in the overall cloud ofcomputing resources. For example, zone 401 may be a first clouddatacenter located in California, and zone 402 may be a second clouddatacenter located in Florida. Management server 410 may be located atone of the availability zones, or at a separate location. Each zone mayinclude an internal network that interfaces with devices that areoutside of the zone, such as the management server 410, through agateway. End users of the cloud (e.g., clients 411-414) might or mightnot be aware of the distinctions between zones. For example, an end usermay request the creation of a virtual machine having a specified amountof memory, processing power, and network capabilities. The managementserver 410 may respond to the user's request and may allocate theresources to create the virtual machine without the user knowing whetherthe virtual machine was created using resources from zone 401 or zone402. In other examples, the cloud system may allow end users to requestthat virtual machines (or other cloud resources) are allocated in aspecific zone or on specific resources 403-405 within a zone.

In this example, each zone 401-402 may include an arrangement of variousphysical hardware components (or computing resources) 403-405, forexample, physical hosting resources (or processing resources), physicalnetwork resources, physical storage resources, switches, and additionalhardware resources that may be used to provide cloud computing servicesto customers. The physical hosting resources in a cloud zone 401-402 mayinclude one or more computer servers 403, such as the virtualizationservers 301 described above, which may be configured to create and hostvirtual machine instances. The physical network resources in a cloudzone 401 or 402 may include one or more network elements 405 (e.g.,network service providers) comprising hardware and/or softwareconfigured to provide a network service to cloud customers, such asfirewalls, network address translators, load balancers, virtual privatenetwork (VPN) gateways, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)routers, and the like. The storage resources in the cloud zone 401-402may include storage disks (e.g., solid state drives (SSDs), magnetichard disks, etc.) and other storage devices.

The example cloud computing environment shown in FIG. 4 also may includea virtualization layer (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 1-3) with additionalhardware and/or software resources configured to create and managevirtual machines and provide other services to customers using thephysical resources in the cloud. The virtualization layer may includehypervisors, as described above in FIG. 3, along with other componentsto provide network virtualizations, storage virtualizations, etc. Thevirtualization layer may be as a separate layer from the physicalresource layer, or may share some or all of the same hardware and/orsoftware resources with the physical resource layer. For example, thevirtualization layer may include a hypervisor installed in each of thevirtualization servers 403 with the physical computing resources. Knowncloud systems may alternatively be used, e.g., WINDOWS AZURE (MicrosoftCorporation of Redmond Wash.), AMAZON EC2 (Amazon.com Inc. of Seattle,Wash.), IBM BLUE CLOUD (IBM Corporation of Armonk, N.Y.), or others.

Enterprise Mobility Management Architecture

FIG. 5 represents an enterprise mobility technical architecture 500 foruse in a “Bring Your Own Device” (BYOD) environment. The architectureenables a user of a mobile device 502 to both access enterprise orpersonal resources from a mobile device 502 and use the mobile device502 for personal use. The user may access such enterprise resources 504or enterprise services 508 using a mobile device 502 that is purchasedby the user or a mobile device 502 that is provided by the enterprise tothe user. The user may utilize the mobile device 502 for business useonly or for business and personal use. The mobile device 502 may run aniOS operating system, an Android operating system, or the like. Theenterprise may choose to implement policies to manage the mobile device502. The policies may be implemented through a firewall or gateway insuch a way that the mobile device 502 may be identified, secured orsecurity verified, and provided selective or full access to theenterprise resources (e.g., 504 and 508.) The policies may be mobiledevice management policies, mobile application management policies,mobile data management policies, or some combination of mobile device,application, and data management policies. A mobile device 502 that ismanaged through the application of mobile device management policies maybe referred to as an enrolled device.

In some embodiments, the operating system of the mobile device 502 maybe separated into a managed partition 510 and an unmanaged partition512. The managed partition 510 may have policies applied to it to securethe applications running on and data stored in the managed partition510. The applications running on the managed partition 510 may be secureapplications. In other embodiments, all applications may execute inaccordance with a set of one or more policy files received separate fromthe application, and which define one or more security parameters,features, resource restrictions, and/or other access controls that areenforced by the mobile device management system when that application isexecuting on the mobile device 502. By operating in accordance withtheir respective policy file(s), each application may be allowed orrestricted from communications with one or more other applicationsand/or resources, thereby creating a virtual partition. Thus, as usedherein, a partition may refer to a physically partitioned portion ofmemory (physical partition), a logically partitioned portion of memory(logical partition), and/or a virtual partition created as a result ofenforcement of one or more policies and/or policy files across multipleapplications as described herein (virtual partition). Stateddifferently, by enforcing policies on managed applications, thoseapplications may be restricted to only be able to communicate with othermanaged applications and trusted enterprise resources, thereby creatinga virtual partition that is not accessible by unmanaged applications anddevices.

The secure applications may be email applications, web browsingapplications, software-as-a-service (SaaS) access applications, WindowsApplication access applications, and the like. The secure applicationsmay be secure native applications 514, secure remote applications 522executed by a secure application launcher 518, virtualizationapplications 526 executed by a secure application launcher 518, and thelike. The secure native applications 514 may be wrapped by a secureapplication wrapper 520. The secure application wrapper 520 may includeintegrated policies that are executed on the mobile device 502 when thesecure native application 514 is executed on the mobile device 502. Thesecure application wrapper 520 may include meta-data that points thesecure native application 514 running on the mobile device 502 to theresources hosted at the enterprise (e.g., 504 and 508) that the securenative application 514 may require to complete the task requested uponexecution of the secure native application 514. The secure remoteapplications 522 executed by a secure application launcher 518 may beexecuted within the secure application launcher 518. The virtualizationapplications 526 executed by a secure application launcher 518 mayutilize resources on the mobile device 502, at the enterprise resources504, and the like. The resources used on the mobile device 502 by thevirtualization applications 526 executed by a secure applicationlauncher 518 may include user interaction resources, processingresources, and the like. The user interaction resources may be used tocollect and transmit keyboard input, mouse input, camera input, tactileinput, audio input, visual input, gesture input, and the like. Theprocessing resources may be used to present a user interface, processdata received from the enterprise resources 504, and the like. Theresources used at the enterprise resources 504 by the virtualizationapplications 526 executed by a secure application launcher 518 mayinclude user interface generation resources, processing resources, andthe like. The user interface generation resources may be used toassemble a user interface, modify a user interface, refresh a userinterface, and the like. The processing resources may be used to createinformation, read information, update information, delete information,and the like. For example, the virtualization application 526 may recorduser interactions associated with a graphical user interface (GUI) andcommunicate them to a server application where the server applicationwill use the user interaction data as an input to the applicationoperating on the server. In such an arrangement, an enterprise may electto maintain the application on the server side as well as data, files,etc. associated with the application. While an enterprise may elect to“mobilize” some applications in accordance with the principles herein bysecuring them for deployment on the mobile device 502, this arrangementmay also be elected for certain applications. For example, while someapplications may be secured for use on the mobile device 502, othersmight not be prepared or appropriate for deployment on the mobile device502 so the enterprise may elect to provide the mobile user access to theunprepared applications through virtualization techniques. As anotherexample, the enterprise may have large complex applications with largeand complex data sets (e.g., material resource planning applications)where it would be very difficult, or otherwise undesirable, to customizethe application for the mobile device 502 so the enterprise may elect toprovide access to the application through virtualization techniques. Asyet another example, the enterprise may have an application thatmaintains highly secured data (e.g., human resources data, customerdata, engineering data) that may be deemed by the enterprise as toosensitive for even the secured mobile environment so the enterprise mayelect to use virtualization techniques to permit mobile access to suchapplications and data. An enterprise may elect to provide both fullysecured and fully functional applications on the mobile device 502 aswell as a virtualization application 526 to allow access to applicationsthat are deemed more properly operated on the server side. In anembodiment, the virtualization application 526 may store some data,files, etc. on the mobile device 502 in one of the secure storagelocations. An enterprise, for example, may elect to allow certaininformation to be stored on the mobile device 502 while not permittingother information.

In connection with the virtualization application 526, as describedherein, the mobile device 502 may have a virtualization application 526that is designed to present GUIs and then record user interactions withthe GUI. The virtualization application 526 may communicate the userinteractions to the server side to be used by the server sideapplication as user interactions with the application. In response, theapplication on the server side may transmit back to the mobile device502 a new GUI. For example, the new GUI may be a static page, a dynamicpage, an animation, or the like, thereby providing access to remotelylocated resources.

The secure applications 514 may access data stored in a secure datacontainer 528 in the managed partition 510 of the mobile device 502. Thedata secured in the secure data container 528 may be accessed by thesecure native applications 514, secure remote applications 522 executedby a secure application launcher 518, virtualization applications 526executed by a secure application launcher 518, and the like. The datastored in the secure data container 528 may include files, databases,and the like. The data stored in the secure data container 528 mayinclude data restricted to a specific secure application 530, sharedamong secure applications 532, and the like. Data restricted to a secureapplication may include secure general data 534 and highly secure data538. Secure general data may use a strong form of encryption such asAdvanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128-bit encryption or the like, whilehighly secure data 538 may use a very strong form of encryption such asAES 256-bit encryption. Data stored in the secure data container 528 maybe deleted from the mobile device 502 upon receipt of a command from thedevice manager 524. The secure applications (e.g., 514, 522, and 526)may have a dual-mode option 540. The dual mode option 540 may presentthe user with an option to operate the secured application in anunsecured or unmanaged mode. In an unsecured or unmanaged mode, thesecure applications may access data stored in an unsecured datacontainer 542 on the unmanaged partition 512 of the mobile device 502.The data stored in an unsecured data container may be personal data 544.The data stored in an unsecured data container 542 may also be accessedby unsecured applications 546 that are running on the unmanagedpartition 512 of the mobile device 502. The data stored in an unsecureddata container 542 may remain on the mobile device 502 when the datastored in the secure data container 528 is deleted from the mobiledevice 502. An enterprise may want to delete from the mobile device 502selected or all data, files, and/or applications owned, licensed orcontrolled by the enterprise (enterprise data) while leaving orotherwise preserving personal data, files, and/or applications owned,licensed or controlled by the user (personal data). This operation maybe referred to as a selective wipe. With the enterprise and personaldata arranged in accordance to the aspects described herein, anenterprise may perform a selective wipe.

The mobile device 502 may connect to enterprise resources 504 andenterprise services 508 at an enterprise, to the public Internet 548,and the like. The mobile device 502 may connect to enterprise resources504 and enterprise services 508 through virtual private networkconnections. The virtual private network connections, also referred toas microVPN or application-specific VPN, may be specific to particularapplications (as illustrated by microVPNs 550, particular devices,particular secured areas on the mobile device (as illustrated by O/S VPN552), and the like. For example, each of the wrapped applications in thesecured area of the mobile device 502 may access enterprise resourcesthrough an application specific VPN such that access to the VPN would begranted based on attributes associated with the application, possibly inconjunction with user or device attribute information. The virtualprivate network connections may carry Microsoft Exchange traffic,Microsoft Active Directory traffic, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)traffic, HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) traffic, applicationmanagement traffic, and the like. The virtual private networkconnections may support and enable single-sign-on authenticationprocesses 554. The single-sign-on processes may allow a user to providea single set of authentication credentials, which are then verified byan authentication service 558. The authentication service 558 may thengrant to the user access to multiple enterprise resources 504, withoutrequiring the user to provide authentication credentials to eachindividual enterprise resource 504.

The virtual private network connections may be established and managedby an access gateway 560. The access gateway 560 may include performanceenhancement features that manage, accelerate, and improve the deliveryof enterprise resources 504 to the mobile device 502. The access gateway560 may also re-route traffic from the mobile device 502 to the publicInternet 548, enabling the mobile device 502 to access publiclyavailable and unsecured applications that run on the public Internet548. The mobile device 502 may connect to the access gateway 560 via atransport network 562. The transport network 562 may use one or moretransport protocols and may be a wired network, wireless network, cloudnetwork, local area network, metropolitan area network, wide areanetwork, public network, private network, and the like.

The enterprise resources 504 may include email servers, file sharingservers, SaaS applications, Web application servers, Windows applicationservers, and the like. Email servers may include Exchange servers, LotusNotes servers, and the like. File sharing servers may include ShareFileservers, and the like. SaaS applications may include Salesforce, and thelike. Windows application servers may include any application serverthat is built to provide applications that are intended to run on alocal Windows operating system, and the like. The enterprise resources504 may be premise-based resources, cloud-based resources, and the like.The enterprise resources 504 may be accessed by the mobile device 502directly or through the access gateway 560. The enterprise resources 504may be accessed by the mobile device 502 via the transport network 562.

The enterprise services 508 may include authentication services 558,threat detection services 564, device manager services 524, file sharingservices 568, policy manager services 570, social integration services572, application controller services 574, and the like. Authenticationservices 558 may include user authentication services, deviceauthentication services, application authentication services, dataauthentication services, and the like. Authentication services 558 mayuse certificates. The certificates may be stored on the mobile device502, by the enterprise resources 504, and the like. The certificatesstored on the mobile device 502 may be stored in an encrypted locationon the mobile device 502, the certificate may be temporarily stored onthe mobile device 502 for use at the time of authentication, and thelike. Threat detection services 564 may include intrusion detectionservices, unauthorized access attempt detection services, and the like.Unauthorized access attempt detection services may include unauthorizedattempts to access devices, applications, data, and the like. Devicemanagement services 524 may include configuration, provisioning,security, support, monitoring, reporting, and decommissioning services.File sharing services 568 may include file management services, filestorage services, file collaboration services, and the like. Policymanager services 570 may include device policy manager services,application policy manager services, data policy manager services, andthe like. Social integration services 572 may include contactintegration services, collaboration services, integration with socialnetworks such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, and the like.Application controller services 574 may include management services,provisioning services, deployment services, assignment services,revocation services, wrapping services, and the like.

The enterprise mobility technical architecture 500 may include anapplication store 578. The application store 578 may include unwrappedapplications 580, pre-wrapped applications 582, and the like.Applications may be populated in the application store 578 from theapplication controller 574. The application store 578 may be accessed bythe mobile device 502 through the access gateway 560, through the publicInternet 548, or the like. The application store 578 may be providedwith an intuitive and easy to use user interface.

A software development kit 584 may provide a user the capability tosecure applications selected by the user by wrapping the application asdescribed previously in this description. An application that has beenwrapped using the software development kit 584 may then be madeavailable to the mobile device 502 by populating it in the applicationstore 578 using the application controller 574.

The enterprise mobility technical architecture 500 may include amanagement and analytics capability 588. The management and analyticscapability 588 may provide information related to how resources areused, how often resources are used, and the like. Resources may includedevices, applications, data, and the like. How resources are used mayinclude which devices download which applications, which applicationsaccess which data, and the like. How often resources are used mayinclude how often an application has been downloaded, how many times aspecific set of data has been accessed by an application, and the like.

FIG. 6 is another illustrative enterprise mobility management system600. Some of the components of the mobility management system 500described above with reference to FIG. 5 have been omitted for the sakeof simplicity. The architecture of the system 600 depicted in FIG. 6 issimilar in many respects to the architecture of the system 500 describedabove with reference to FIG. 5 and may include additional features notmentioned above.

In this case, the left hand side represents an enrolled mobile device602 with a client agent 604, which interacts with gateway server 606(which includes Access Gateway and application controller functionality)to access various enterprise resources 608 and services 609 such asExchange, Sharepoint, public-key infrastructure (PM) Resources, KerberosResources, Certificate Issuance service, as shown on the right hand sideabove. Although not specifically shown, the mobile device 602 may alsointeract with an enterprise application store (StoreFront) for theselection and downloading of applications.

The client agent 604 acts as the UI (user interface) intermediary forWindows apps/desktops hosted in an Enterprise data center, which areaccessed using the High-Definition User Experience (HDX)/ICA displayremoting protocol. The client agent 604 also supports the installationand management of native applications on the mobile device 602, such asnative iOS or Android applications. For example, the managedapplications 610 (mail, browser, wrapped application) shown in thefigure above are all native applications that execute locally on themobile device 602. Client agent 604 and application management frameworkof this architecture act to provide policy driven managementcapabilities and features such as connectivity and SSO (single sign on)to enterprise resources/services 608. The client agent 604 handlesprimary user authentication to the enterprise, normally to AccessGateway (AG) 606 with SSO to other gateway server components. The clientagent 604 obtains policies from gateway server 606 to control thebehavior of the managed applications 610 on the mobile device 602.

The Secure InterProcess Communication (IPC) links 612 between the nativeapplications 610 and client agent 604 represent a management channel,which may allow a client agent to supply policies to be enforced by theapplication management framework 614 “wrapping” each application. TheIPC channel 612 may also allow client agent 604 to supply credential andauthentication information that enables connectivity and SSO toenterprise resources 608. Finally, the IPC channel 612 may allow theapplication management framework 614 to invoke user interface functionsimplemented by client agent 604, such as online and offlineauthentication.

Communications between the client agent 604 and gateway server 606 areessentially an extension of the management channel from the applicationmanagement framework 614 wrapping each native managed application 610.The application management framework 614 may request policy informationfrom client agent 604, which in turn may request it from gateway server606. The application management framework 614 may requestauthentication, and client agent 604 may log into the gateway servicespart of gateway server 606 (also known as NETSCALER ACCESS GATEWAY).Client agent 604 may also call supporting services on gateway server606, which may produce input material to derive encryption keys for thelocal data vaults 616, or may provide client certificates which mayenable direct authentication to PM protected resources, as more fullyexplained below.

In more detail, the application management framework 614 “wraps” eachmanaged application 610. This may be incorporated via an explicit buildstep, or via a post-build processing step. The application managementframework 614 may “pair” with client agent 604 on first launch of anapplication 610 to initialize the Secure IPC channel 612 and obtain thepolicy for that application. The application management framework 614may enforce relevant portions of the policy that apply locally, such asthe client agent login dependencies and some of the containment policiesthat restrict how local OS services may be used, or how they mayinteract with the managed application 610.

The application management framework 614 may use services provided byclient agent 604 over the Secure IPC channel 612 to facilitateauthentication and internal network access. Key management for theprivate and shared data vaults 616 (containers) may be also managed byappropriate interactions between the managed applications 610 and clientagent 604. Vaults 616 may be available only after online authentication,or may be made available after offline authentication if allowed bypolicy. First use of vaults 616 may require online authentication, andoffline access may be limited to at most the policy refresh periodbefore online authentication is again required.

Network access to internal resources may occur directly from individualmanaged applications 610 through Access Gateway 606. The applicationmanagement framework 614 may be responsible for orchestrating thenetwork access on behalf of each managed application 610. Client agent604 may facilitate these network connections by providing suitable timelimited secondary credentials obtained following online authentication.Multiple modes of network connection may be used, such as reverse webproxy connections and end-to-end VPN-style tunnels 618.

The Mail and Browser managed applications 610 have special status andmay make use of facilities that might not be generally available toarbitrary wrapped applications. For example, the Mail application 610may use a special background network access mechanism that allows it toaccess an Exchange server 608 over an extended period of time withoutrequiring a full AG logon. The Browser application 610 may use multipleprivate data vaults 616 to segregate different kinds of data.

This architecture may support the incorporation of various othersecurity features. For example, gateway server 606 (including itsgateway services) in some cases may not need to validate activedirectory (AD) passwords. It can be left to the discretion of anenterprise whether an AD password may be used as an authenticationfactor for some users in some situations. Different authenticationmethods may be used if a user is online or offline (i.e., connected ornot connected to a network).

Step up authentication is a feature wherein gateway server 606 mayidentify managed native applications 610 that are allowed to have accessto highly classified data requiring strong authentication, and ensurethat access to these applications is only permitted after performingappropriate authentication, even if this means a re-authentication isrequired by the user after a prior weaker level of login.

Another security feature of this solution is the encryption of the datavaults 616 (containers) on the mobile device 602. The vaults 616 may beencrypted so that all on-device data including files, databases, andconfigurations are protected. For on-line vaults, the keys may be storedon the server (gateway server 606), and for off-line vaults, a localcopy of the keys may be protected by a user password or biometricvalidation. If or when data is stored locally on the mobile device 602in the secure container 616, it may be preferred that a minimum of AES256 encryption algorithm be utilized.

Other secure container features may also be implemented. For example, alogging feature may be included, wherein security events happeninginside a managed application 610 may be logged and reported to thebackend. Data wiping may be supported, such as if or when the managedapplication 610 detects tampering, associated encryption keys may bewritten over with random data, leaving no hint on the file system thatuser data was destroyed. Screenshot protection may be another feature,where an application may prevent any data from being stored inscreenshots. For example, the key window's hidden property may be set toYES. This may cause whatever content is currently displayed on thescreen to be hidden, resulting in a blank screenshot where any contentwould normally reside.

Local data transfer may be prevented, such as by preventing any datafrom being locally transferred outside the application container, e.g.,by copying it or sending it to an external application. A keyboard cachefeature may operate to disable the autocorrect functionality forsensitive text fields. SSL certificate validation may be operable so theapplication specifically validates the server SSL certificate instead ofit being stored in the keychain. An encryption key generation featuremay be used such that the key used to encrypt data on the mobile device602 is generated using a passphrase or biometric data supplied by theuser (if offline access is required). It may be XORed with another keyrandomly generated and stored on the server side if offline access isnot required. Key Derivation functions may operate such that keysgenerated from the user password use KDFs (key derivation functions,notably Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2 (PBKDF2)) rather thancreating a cryptographic hash of it. The latter makes a key susceptibleto brute force or dictionary attacks.

Further, one or more initialization vectors may be used in encryptionmethods. An initialization vector will cause multiple copies of the sameencrypted data to yield different cipher text output, preventing bothreplay and cryptanalytic attacks. This will also prevent an attackerfrom decrypting any data even with a stolen encryption key. Further,authentication then decryption may be used, wherein application data isdecrypted only after the user has authenticated within the application.Another feature may relate to sensitive data in memory, which may bekept in memory (and not in disk) only when it's needed. For example,login credentials may be wiped from memory after login, and encryptionkeys and other data inside objective-C instance variables are notstored, as they may be easily referenced. Instead, memory may bemanually allocated for these.

An inactivity timeout may be implemented, wherein after a policy-definedperiod of inactivity, a user session is terminated.

Data leakage from the application management framework 614 may beprevented in other ways. For example, if or when a managed application610 is put in the background, the memory may be cleared after apredetermined (configurable) time period. When backgrounded, a snapshotmay be taken of the last displayed screen of the application to fastenthe foregrounding process. The screenshot may contain confidential dataand hence should be cleared.

Another security feature may relate to the use of an OTP (one timepassword) 620 without the use of an AD (active directory) 622 passwordfor access to one or more applications. In some cases, some users do notknow (or are not permitted to know) their AD password, so these usersmay authenticate using an OTP 620 such as by using a hardware OTP systemlike SecurID (OTPs may be provided by different vendors also, such asEntrust or Gemalto). In some cases, after a user authenticates with auser ID, a text may be sent to the user with an OTP 620. In some cases,this may be implemented only for online use, with a prompt being asingle field.

An offline password may be implemented for offline authentication forthose managed applications 610 for which offline use is permitted viaenterprise policy. For example, an enterprise may want StoreFront to beaccessed in this manner In this case, the client agent 604 may requirethe user to set a custom offline password and the AD password is notused. Gateway server 606 may provide policies to control and enforcepassword standards with respect to the minimum length, character classcomposition, and age of passwords, such as described by the standardWindows Server password complexity requirements, although theserequirements may be modified.

Another feature may relate to the enablement of a client sidecertificate for certain applications 610 as secondary credentials (forthe purpose of accessing PM protected web resources via the applicationmanagement framework micro VPN feature). For example, a managedapplication 610 may utilize such a certificate. In this case,certificate-based authentication using ActiveSync protocol may besupported, wherein a certificate from the client agent 604 may beretrieved by gateway server 606 and used in a keychain. Each managedapplication 610 may have one associated client certificate, identifiedby a label that is defined in gateway server 606.

Gateway server 606 may interact with an enterprise special purpose webservice to support the issuance of client certificates to allow relevantmanaged applications to authenticate to internal PM protected resources.

The client agent 604 and the application management framework 614 may beenhanced to support obtaining and using client certificates forauthentication to internal PM protected network resources. More than onecertificate may be supported, such as to match various levels ofsecurity and/or separation requirements. The certificates may be used bythe Mail and Browser managed applications 610, and ultimately byarbitrary wrapped applications 610 (provided those applications use webservice style communication patterns where it is reasonable for theapplication management framework to mediate HTTPS requests).

Application management client certificate support on iOS may rely onimporting a public-key cryptography standards (PKCS) 12 BLOB (BinaryLarge Object) into the iOS keychain in each managed application 610 foreach period of use. Application management framework client certificatesupport may use a HTTPS implementation with private in-memory keystorage. The client certificate may not be present in the iOS keychainand may not be persisted except potentially in “online-only” data valuethat is strongly protected.

Mutual SSL or TLS may also be implemented to provide additional securityby requiring that a mobile device 602 is authenticated to theenterprise, and vice versa. Virtual smart cards for authentication togateway server 606 may also be implemented.

Both limited and full Kerberos support may be additional features. Thefull support feature relates to an ability to do full Kerberos login toActive Directory (AD) 622, using an AD password or trusted clientcertificate, and obtain Kerberos service tickets to respond to HTTPNegotiate authentication challenges. The limited support feature relatesto constrained delegation in Citrix Access Gateway Enterprise Edition(AGEE), where AGEE supports invoking Kerberos protocol transition so itcan obtain and use Kerberos service tickets (subject to constraineddelegation) in response to HTTP Negotiate authentication challenges.This mechanism works in reverse web proxy (aka corporate virtual privatenetwork (CVPN)) mode, and when HTTP (but not HTTPS) connections areproxied in VPN and MicroVPN mode.

Another feature may relate to application container locking and wiping,which may automatically occur upon jail-break or rooting detections, andoccur as a pushed command from administration console, and may include aremote wipe functionality even when a managed application 610 is notrunning.

A multi-site architecture or configuration of enterprise applicationstore and an application controller may be supported that allows usersto be serviced from one of several different locations in case offailure.

In some cases, managed applications 610 may be allowed to access acertificate and private key via an API (for example, OpenSSL). Trustedmanaged applications 610 of an enterprise may be allowed to performspecific Public Key operations with an application's client certificateand private key. Various use cases may be identified and treatedaccordingly, such as if or when an application behaves like a browserand no certificate access is required, if or when an application reads acertificate for “who am I,” if or when an application uses thecertificate to build a secure session token, and if or when anapplication uses private keys for digital signing of important data(e.g. transaction log) or for temporary data encryption.

Real-Time File System Event Mapping to Cloud Events

FIGS. 7A-7B depict an illustrative computing environment for deploying asystem for performing real-time file system to cloud event mapping thatutilizes improved cloud event mapping techniques in accordance with oneor more example embodiments. Referring to FIG. 7A, computing environment700 may include one or more computer systems. For example, computingenvironment 700 may include a user device 702, and a cloud event mappingplatform 703. The network 701 may interconnect one or more of userdevice 702 and cloud event mapping platform 703. User device 702 mayinclude one or more computing devices and/or other computer components(e.g., processors, memories, communication interfaces). In addition, andas illustrated in greater detail below, user device 702 may beconfigured to generate, host, transmit, and/or otherwise provide one ormore web pages and/or other graphical user interfaces (which may, e.g.,cause one or more other computer systems to display and/or otherwisepresent the one or more web pages and/or other graphical userinterfaces). In some instances, the web pages and/or other graphicaluser interfaces generated by user device 702 may correspond to a filestorage service used to upload and save files using the cloud.

As illustrated in greater detail below, cloud event mapping platform 703may include one or more computing devices configured to perform one ormore of the functions described herein. For example, cloud event mappingplatform 703 may include one or more computers (e.g., laptop computers,desktop computers, servers, server blades, or the like). In someexamples, cloud event mapping platform 703 may implement one or more ofa file manager, a dispatcher, and a heuristic database. In someexamples, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may be integrated intothe user device 702.

Computing environment 700 also may include one or more networks, whichmay interconnect user device 702 and cloud event mapping platform 703.For example, computing environment 700 may include a network 701 (whichmay interconnect, e.g., user device 702 and cloud event mapping platform703).

In one or more arrangements, user device 702, cloud event mappingplatform 703, and/or the other systems included in computing environment700 may be any type of computing device capable of receiving a userinterface, receiving input via the user interface, and communicating thereceived input to one or more other computing devices. For example, userdevice 702, cloud event mapping platform 703, and/or the other systemsincluded in computing environment 700 may, in some instances, be and/orinclude server computers, desktop computers, laptop computers, tabletcomputers, smart phones, or the like that may include one or moreprocessors, memories, communication interfaces, storage devices, and/orother components. As noted above, and as illustrated in greater detailbelow, any and/or all of user device 702 and cloud event mappingplatform 703 may, in some instances, be special-purpose computingdevices configured to perform specific functions.

Referring to FIG. 7B, cloud event mapping platform 703 may include filemanager 705, one or more dispatchers 706, and a heuristic database 707.In some examples, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may be integratedinto the user device 702. File manager 705 may determine a file objectcorresponding to each of a plurality of events received, and maysubsequently assign each of the plurality of events to an appropriatedispatcher 706 corresponding to a particular file object. File manager705 may correspond to a global object hosted by the cloud event mappingplatform 703. Dispatcher 706 may add received events to a dispatchqueue, perform heuristics on the dispatch queue, and dispatch eventsfrom the dispatch queue to be executed after determining expiration ofdelays corresponding to the events. Dispatcher 706 may correspond to asecondary object, hosted by the cloud event mapping platform 703, thatis tied to a particular file object. For example, cloud event mappingplatform 703 may include multiple dispatchers 706 that each correspondto a different file object. Heuristic database 707 may maintain aplurality of heuristic rules to be applied to events by the dispatcher706. In some examples, file manager 705, dispatcher 706, and heuristicdatabase 707 may be implemented by a single computing devicecorresponding to the cloud event mapping platform 703. In otherexamples, file manager 705, dispatcher 706, and heuristic database 707may be implemented by multiple different computing devices in adistributed architecture corresponding to the cloud event mappingplatform 703.

FIG. 8 depicts an illustrative method for deploying a platform that usesimproved techniques to perform real-time event mapping from a local filesystem to the cloud in accordance with one or more example embodiments.Referring to FIG. 8, at step 805, a computing platform having at leastone processor, a communication interface, and memory may establish aconnection with a user device, such as user device 702. In someexamples, the computing platform may be cloud event mapping platform703. For example, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may establish awireless data connection with the user device 702 to link the cloudevent mapping platform 703 to the user device 702. In some examples, thecloud event mapping platform 703 may be integrated into the user device702.

At step 810, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may receive an eventat a file manager hosted by the cloud event mapping platform 703, suchas file manager 705. In some examples, in receiving the event, the filemanager 705 may receive events such as file_read, file_write, file_open,file_close, and the like. The file manager 705 may receive these eventsfrom a cloud file storage application accessible at the user device 702.For example, the user device 702 may generate one or more userinterfaces corresponding to the cloud file storage application, and auser may provide a user input using the one or more user interfacescorresponding to an action to be performed in relation to a file(upload, delete, move, rename, and the like). In some examples, the userdevice 702 may generate one or more commands, based on the user input,directing the cloud event mapping platform 703 to perform the specifiedaction, and the one or more commands may include the events.

At step 815, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may use the filemanager 705 to determine a file object corresponding to each receivedevent. In some examples, while the cloud event mapping platform 703 isdetermining the file object of a first event, another event may bereceived.

At step 820, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may use the filemanager 705 to determine a dispatcher 706 for each of the receivedevents. In some examples, the cloud event mapping platform 703 maydetermine a dispatcher 706 based on the file object determined at step815.

At step 825, based on the determination at step 820, the file manager705 may route the event to a particular dispatcher, such as thedispatcher 706. For example, cloud event mapping platform 703 maytransfer the event from the file manager 705 to a dispatch queue at thedispatcher 706. In routing events to the dispatchers, the file manager705 may cause the events to be translated from a source domaincorresponding to the user device 702 to a destination domaincorresponding to a cloud environment.

At step 830, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may determine whetheran additional event is received at the file manager 705. If the cloudevent mapping platform 703 determines that an additional event isreceived at the file manager 705, the cloud event mapping platform 703may return to step 815 to determine the file object corresponding to theadditional event. If the cloud event mapping platform 703 determinesthat an additional event has not been received at the file manager 705,the cloud event mapping platform 703 may proceed to step 835.

In some examples, after determining a file object of a first event atstep 815, the file manager 705 may begin analyzing a second event todetermine the file object of the second event. In these examples, thecloud event mapping platform 703 may not wait until the first event isrouted to a dispatcher to begin analyzing the second event. In otherexamples, the file manager 705 may wait until the first event has beenrouted to a dispatcher before analyzing the second event.

At step 835, the dispatcher 706, determined above at step 820, mayreceive the event routed at step 825. After receiving the event, thedispatcher 706 may add the event to a dispatch queue at the dispatcher706. In adding the event to the dispatch queue, the dispatcher 706 mayadd the event to a queue of events corresponding to the same file objectthat have not yet been released for execution by the cloud event mappingplatform 703. In receiving the event, the dispatcher 706 may receive anevent that has been translated from a source domain corresponding to theuser device 702 (Domain A) to a destination domain corresponding to thecloud environment (Domain B).

At step 840, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may determineheuristics applicable to the dispatch queue at the dispatcher 706. Forexample, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may use the dispatcher 706to determine that one or more events in the dispatch queue should beadded, eliminated, or modified. In some examples, the dispatcher 706 maydetermine the heuristics using one or more machine learning algorithmsand one or more machine learning datasets. In other examples, thedispatcher 706 may have a stored database of preconfigured heuristics.In determining the applicable heuristics, the cloud event mappingplatform 703 may consult a database such as heuristic database 707, andmay determine heuristics corresponding to an event type. In someexamples, the heuristic database 707 may maintain one or more sets ofheuristics for each dispatcher hosted at the cloud event mappingplatform 703, and multiple dispatchers may simultaneously be determiningheuristics for their respective dispatch queues. The dispatcher 706 maydetermine applicable heuristics each time a new event is added to thedispatch queue. In some examples, the dispatcher 706 may determine theheuristics based on a combination of events pending in the dispatchqueue.

At step 845, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may use the dispatcher706 to apply the heuristics, determined at step 840, to the dispatchqueue. In applying the heuristics, the dispatcher 706 may translateevents from the source domain (Domain A) corresponding to the userdevice 702 to the destination domain (Domain B) corresponding to thecloud environment. In one example, an event in the source domain may beequivalent to an event in the destination domain. In this example,another event in the source domain may not be equivalent to an event inthe destination domain. For example, if A1 and A2 are events in thesource domain and B1 and B2 are events in the destination domain, A1 maybe equivalent to B1, but A2 may not necessarily equal B2. In someexamples, events in the destination domain may be a composite sequenceof events in the source domain and/or events in the source domain may bea composite sequence of events in the destination domain. For example,if A1, A2, A3, and A4 are events in the source domain and B2 and B3 areevents in the destination domain, A4 may be equivalent to [B2, B3] and[A2, A1, A1, A3] may be equivalent to B3. As another example, thedispatcher 706 may have determined, in determining the heuristics atstep 840, that multiple upload events should be condensed into a singleupload event if they are not separated by another event (e.g., upload,write, upload). In this example, if the dispatcher 706 determines thatthree consecutive upload events are pending in the dispatch queue, thedispatcher 706 may condense the three upload events to a single uploadevent. This may improve efficiency and conserve bandwidth at the cloudevent mapping platform 703 and the dispatcher 706. In some examples, thedispatcher 706 may apply dependencies between operations that may allowfor a series of subsequent events to be cancelled if a prior operationfails. By applying these heuristics, the dispatcher 706 may ensure thatthe translation that occurred between the source domain and thedestination domain as events were routed to the dispatcher 706 is anaccurate translation of the events.

As a particular example, a user may open a word processing file on theuser device 702 and may attempt to save the word processing file on thecloud. This may cause a local file system to make a copy of the wordprocessing file, delete the original version, and rename the copy to theoriginal name of the word processing file. In this example, if theevents are processed by a cloud environment as they are received, thecloud environment may cause a stored version of the word processing fileprior to be deleted prior to receiving the rename command. To avoiddeletion of the file, after receiving the delete command, the cloudevent mapping platform 703 may hold the delete commands for a durationcorresponding to a particular time delay in order to receive additionalevents prior to execution of the delete command. After receiving therename command, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may determine thatthe user intends to save the file as opposed to deleting it. Thus, thedispatcher 706 may remove the delete event from the dispatch queue priorto releasing the events for execution. Another example of thedetermination and application of the heuristics described at steps 840and 845 is depicted in FIG. 10A.

At step 850, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may use the dispatcher706 to determine a delay time corresponding to the event. For example,in determining the delay time, the dispatcher 706 may consult a delaydatabase hosted by the cloud event mapping platform 703. In someexamples, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may determine the delaytime using one or more machine learning algorithms and one or moremachine learning datasets. In other examples, the cloud event mappingplatform 703 may determine the delay time based on a stored listing ofpreconfigured delay times. In determining the delay time, the cloudevent mapping platform 703 may determine an amount of time thedispatcher 706 should wait after receiving a particular event todetermine if an additional event has been received. This may allow thedispatcher 706 to determine that translation of the events in thedispatch queue is complete before they are dispatched for execution. Insome examples, delay times may vary based on event type. For example,file_read events may correspond to a first delay time and file_writeevents may correspond to a second delay time. In some examples,dispatcher 706 may determine the delay times based on contextcorresponding to other dispatchers and/or from additional sources ofapplication state. In some examples, the delay times may vary based onevent context. For example, in determining the delay times, the cloudevent mapping platform 703 may determine the least amount of time thatthe cloud event mapping platform 703 may use to determine an accuratetranslation of a particular event. In keeping the delay times small, thecloud event mapping platform 703 may achieve near real time performancein the execution of the events.

At step 855, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may determine whetheran additional event has been received at the dispatcher 706. If thedispatcher 706 determines that an additional event has been received,the cloud event mapping platform 703 may return to step 840 to determineadditional heuristics based on the additional event and the other eventsin the dispatch queue. If the dispatcher 706 determines that anadditional event has not been received, the cloud event mapping platform703 may proceed to step 860.

At step 860, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may use the dispatcher706 to determine whether a delay time corresponding to each event in thedispatch queue has elapsed. If the delay time corresponding to eachevent in the dispatch queue has not elapsed, the dispatcher may waituntil any remaining delay times have elapsed prior to proceeding to step865. If the dispatcher 706 determines that all delay times have elapsed,the cloud event mapping platform 703 may proceed to step 865.

At step 865, after determining that the delay times have elapsed, thecloud event mapping platform 703 may use the dispatcher 706 to dispatchthe events in the dispatch queue for processing and execution by thecloud event mapping platform 703. In some examples, because events fordifferent files are routed and subsequently processed by variousdispatchers, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may implementmultithreading to improve processing efficiency and may implementthrottling to improve control of resource consumption. An example of thedetermination of delays and dispatching based on the delays is depictedin FIG. 10B

At step 870, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may generate one ormore commands directing the user device 702 to cause display of acompletion indication indicating successful completion of the actionattempted by the user. In addition, the cloud event mapping platform 703may generate the completion indication. For example, the completionindication may indicate “upload successful.” The cloud event mappingplatform 703 may send the one or more commands and the completionindication to the user device 702 while the wireless data connection isestablished. In sending the one or more commands and the completionindication, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may cause thecompletion indication to be displayed on a display of the user device702.

FIG. 9 depicts an illustrative event sequence for deploying a platformthat uses improved techniques to perform real-time event mapping from alocal file system to the cloud in accordance with one or more exampleembodiments. In some examples, this platform may be integrated into auser device, such as user device 702. At step 901, the user device 702may receive user input corresponding to an action to be taken at a cloudfile storage application. At step 902, the user device 702 may establisha connection with cloud event mapping platform 703. At step 903, theuser device 702 may send events, corresponding to the action to betaken, to the cloud event mapping platform 703. In sending the events,the user device 702 may send events corresponding to a source domain oflocal file storage at the user device 702. At step 904, the cloud eventmapping platform 703 may receive the events sent at step 903 from theuser device 702. In some examples, in receiving the events, the userdevice 702 may receive the events corresponding to the source domain,for example domain A as shown. In some examples, the events may bereceived by a file manager, such as file manager 705, hosted by thecloud event mapping platform 703. At step 905, the cloud event mappingplatform 703 may use the file manager to route the events to one or moredispatchers, such as dispatcher 706, hosted by the file manager. At step906, the dispatchers may translate the events to a destination domain,such as domain B, corresponding to the cloud environment. At step 907,the dispatchers 706 may wait for a delay corresponding to events indispatch queues corresponding to the respective dispatchers, and maydetermine that the delay corresponding to each event in a dispatch queuehas expired. At step 908, after determining expiration of the delayscorresponding to events in a particular dispatch queue, thecorresponding dispatcher 706 may dispatch the events in the particulardispatch queue for backend processing in the cloud environment (e.g., bya remote cloud storage platform). At step 909, the cloud event mappingplatform 703 may determine that the action requested by the user at step901 has been completed, and the cloud event mapping platform 703 maygenerate a completion indication and one or more commands directing theuser device 702 to cause display of the completion indication. At step910, the cloud event mapping platform 703 may send the completionindication and the one or more commands to the user device 702 while theconnection with the user device 702 is still established. At step 911,the user device 702 may receive the completion indication and the one ormore commands sent by the cloud event mapping platform 703 at step 910.At step 912, in response to the one or more commands, the user device702 may cause display of the completion indication received at step 911.

Subsequently, the example event sequence may end, and cloud eventmapping platform 703 may continue to perform real-time event mappingfrom a local file system to the cloud in a similar manner as discussedabove (using a file manager to route events to dispatchers based on fileobject, translating the events from a source domain to a destinationdomain using stored heuristics, monitoring event delays corresponding toevents in a dispatch queue, dispatching the events once all delays haveexpired, and the like). By operating in this way, cloud event mappingplatform 703 may improve accuracy and efficiency of translating eventsat a local file system to cloud events.

FIG. 10A depicts an example process of routing events using a filemanager and translating the events by the various dispatchers at a cloudevent mapping platform as described with regard to FIGS. 8 and 9 above.Referring to FIG. 10A, a cloud event mapping platform, such as cloudevent mapping platform 703 may receive events (A1, A2, A3, and the like)corresponding to actions to be performed with respect to various files(f1, f2, f3, and the like). The file manager 705 may route each of theseevents to a dispatcher, such as dispatcher 706, based on the file objectof the event. For example, the file manager 705 may route eventscorresponding to f1 to a first dispatcher, events corresponding to f2 toa second dispatcher, and events corresponding to f3 to a thirddispatcher. In some examples, the first dispatcher may maintain adispatch queue 1010 that contains events routed to the first dispatcher,the second dispatcher may maintain a dispatch queue 1015, and the thirddispatcher may maintain a dispatch queue 1020.

As events are routed to the various dispatchers, they may be translatedfrom a source domain to a host domain. In some examples, a source domainevent may correspond to a destination domain event. In some examples, asource domain event may correspond to a sequence of events in thedestination domain. The translation may be determined based onheuristics stored by the cloud event mapping platform using a heuristicdatabase, such as heuristic database 707. In some examples, differentheuristics may be applied at each of the dispatchers. In some examples,different heuristics may be applied for different file objects.

With regard to the example in FIG. 10A, A1 may be translated to B1 inthe dispatch queue 1010. As a result, the two A1 events shown at filemanager 1005 may each be translated to a B1 event and added to thedispatch queue 1010. In this example, the dispatch queue 1010 may havepreviously included a B5 event and a B1 event corresponding to eventspreviously received from the file manager. In dispatch queue 1015, A1may be translated to B1, and A3 may be translated to B3. As a result,the A1 and A3 events shown at the file manager 1005 may be translated toa B1 and a B3 event respectively. In this example, the dispatch queue1015 may have previously been empty. In dispatch queue 1020, A2 may betranslated to B1 and B2. As a result, the A2 event shown in the dispatchqueue 1005 may be translated to multiple events (B2 and B1) in thedispatch queue 1020. In this example, the dispatch queue 1020 may havepreviously included a B4 event and a B2 event.

Once the dispatch queues are generated using the heuristics, thedispatchers may apply additional heuristics from the heuristic database707. As an example, the first dispatcher may determine that, in thedispatch queue 1010, multiple sequential events that correspond to thesame event type should be collapsed. In this example, the firstdispatcher may collapse the two consecutive B1 events in the dispatchqueue into a single B1 event. As another example, the second dispatchermay determine that, in the dispatch queue 1015, a B3 event located nextto and prior to a B1 event in the dispatch queue 1015 should beeliminated. In this example, the second dispatcher may eliminate the B3event in the dispatch queue 1015. As yet another example, the thirddispatcher may determine that, in the dispatch queue 1020, no heuristicsshould be applied. In this example, the dispatch queue 1020 may remainunmodified by the third dispatcher. Once the heuristics have beenapplied at a dispatcher, the dispatcher may begin analyzing the delayscorresponding to the events in the dispatch queue of the respectivedispatcher. Analysis of these delays is described with regard to FIG.10B.

FIG. 10B depicts an example process of dispatching events based on timedelay analysis at dispatchers hosted by a cloud event mapping platformas described with regard to FIGS. 8 and 9 above. Referring to FIG. 10B,a cloud event mapping platform, such as cloud event mapping platform 703may receive multiple events at a dispatcher, such as dispatcher 706,which may store the events in a dispatch queue 1020. In this example,the dispatcher 706 may monitor delays corresponding to each event in thedispatch queue 1020, and may dispatch a set of events from the dispatchqueue 1020 upon expiration of all pending delays. In this example, B1,B2, B1, B4, and B2 may be various events in the dispatch queue 1020.Time delays corresponding to each event may be represented by the tailsattached to each event. The dispatcher 706 may monitor these delays todetermine when events in the dispatch queue 1020 should be dispatchedfor execution.

For example, at t=1 second, the dispatcher 706 may determine that a B2event has been received, and a time delay corresponding to the B2 eventis still pending. Thus, the B2 event may remain in the dispatch queue1020. At t=2 seconds, the dispatcher 706 may determine that the timedelay corresponding to the B2 event has expired. However, the dispatcher706 may also determine that a B4 event was received during the B2 timedelay, and that a time delay corresponding to the B4 event is stillpending. Thus, the B4 and the B2 events may both remain in the dispatchqueue 1020. At t=3 seconds, the dispatcher 706 may determine that a timedelay corresponding to the B4 event has expired, but that a B1 event wasreceived during the B4 time delay and has a pending time delay. Thedispatcher 706 may also determine that during the B1 time delay, anotherB2 event has been received and has a pending time delay. Thus, the B2,B1, B4, and B2 events may all remain in the dispatch queue 1020. At t=4seconds, the dispatcher 706 may determine that the time delayscorresponding to the B2 and the B1 events have expired, and that anotherevent (such as the B1 event received after t=4 seconds) has not beenreceived. In this example, the dispatcher 706 may determine that the B2,B1, B4, and B2 events may be dispatched for execution in the same orderthat they are presented in the dispatch queue 1020. In this example, thedotted line at t=4 s depicts the time at which events in the dispatchqueue may be dispatched for execution.

In some examples, the dispatcher 706 may determine the time delays basedon a preconfigured database of stored time delays corresponding tovarious event types. Additionally or alternatively, the dispatcher 706may determine the time delays using one or more machine learningalgorithms and one or more machine learning datasets.

One or more aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in computer-usabledata or computer-executable instructions, such as in one or more programmodules, executed by one or more computers or other devices to performthe operations described herein. Generally, program modules includeroutines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and the likethat perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract datatypes when executed by one or more processors in a computer or otherdata processing device. The computer-executable instructions may bestored as computer-readable instructions on a computer-readable mediumsuch as a hard disk, optical disk, removable storage media, solid-statememory, RAM, and the like. The functionality of the program modules maybe combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments. Inaddition, the functionality may be embodied in whole or in part infirmware or hardware equivalents, such as integrated circuits,application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmablegate arrays (FPGA), and the like. Particular data structures may be usedto more effectively implement one or more aspects of the disclosure, andsuch data structures are contemplated to be within the scope of computerexecutable instructions and computer-usable data described herein.

Various aspects described herein may be embodied as a method, anapparatus, or as one or more computer-readable media storingcomputer-executable instructions. Accordingly, those aspects may takethe form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely softwareembodiment, an entirely firmware embodiment, or an embodiment combiningsoftware, hardware, and firmware aspects in any combination. Inaddition, various signals representing data or events as describedherein may be transferred between a source and a destination in the formof light or electromagnetic waves traveling through signal-conductingmedia such as metal wires, optical fibers, or wireless transmissionmedia (e.g., air or space). In general, the one or morecomputer-readable media may be and/or include one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable media.

As described herein, the various methods and acts may be operativeacross one or more computing servers and one or more networks. Thefunctionality may be distributed in any manner, or may be located in asingle computing device (e.g., a server, a client computer, and thelike). For example, in alternative embodiments, one or more of thecomputing platforms discussed above may be combined into a singlecomputing platform, and the various functions of each computing platformmay be performed by the single computing platform. In such arrangements,any and/or all of the above-discussed communications between computingplatforms may correspond to data being accessed, moved, modified,updated, and/or otherwise used by the single computing platform.Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the computing platformsdiscussed above may be implemented in one or more virtual machines thatare provided by one or more physical computing devices. In sucharrangements, the various functions of each computing platform may beperformed by the one or more virtual machines, and any and/or all of theabove-discussed communications between computing platforms maycorrespond to data being accessed, moved, modified, updated, and/orotherwise used by the one or more virtual machines.

Aspects of the disclosure have been described in terms of illustrativeembodiments thereof. Numerous other embodiments, modifications, andvariations within the scope and spirit of the appended claims will occurto persons of ordinary skill in the art from a review of thisdisclosure. For example, one or more of the steps depicted in theillustrative figures may be performed in other than the recited order,and one or more depicted steps may be optional in accordance withaspects of the disclosure.

Although the subject matter has been described in language specific tostructural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understoodthat the subject matter defined in the appended claims is notnecessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above.Rather, the specific features and acts described above are described asexample implementations of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computing platform, comprising: at least oneprocessor; a communication interface communicatively coupled to the atleast one processor and configured to establish a connection between thecomputing platform and a computing device; and a memory communicativelycoupled to the processor; and wherein the computing platform isconfigured to: process, using a first dispatcher, two or more of aplurality of events to generate a first dispatch queue; determine, usingthe first dispatcher, a plurality of time delays, each time delay of theplurality of time delays corresponding to a respective event in thefirst dispatch queue; determine, using the first dispatcher, that all ofthe plurality of time delays have expired; and cause execution, usingthe first dispatcher and based on the determination that all of theplurality of time delays have expired, of each of the two or more of theplurality of events in the first dispatch queue.
 2. The computingplatform of claim 1, wherein the first dispatch queue is generated bytranslating at least one of the two or more of the plurality of eventsfrom a first domain to a second domain.
 3. The computing platform ofclaim 2, wherein translation of the at least one of the two or more ofthe plurality of events from the first domain to the second domain isperformed by deleting at least one of the two or more of the pluralityof events.
 4. The computing platform of claim 3, wherein deletion of atleast one of the two or more of the plurality of events is performed inresponse to determining that the first dispatch queue already containsone or more of the two or more of the plurality of events.
 5. Thecomputing platform of claim 2, wherein translation of the two or more ofthe plurality of events from the first domain to the second domain isperformed by adding an event to the two or more of the plurality ofevents.
 6. The computing platform of claim 1, wherein determination ofthe two or more of the plurality of events to be processed is performedby each dispatcher in real time as the plurality of events are received.7. The computing platform of claim 1, wherein the computing platform isfurther configured to: process, using a second dispatcher, two or moreother events of the plurality of events to generate a second dispatchqueue, wherein the first dispatcher corresponds to a first file objectand the second dispatcher corresponds to a second file object;determine, using the second dispatcher, that there is a remaining timedelay corresponding to an event in the second dispatch queue; anddispatch, using the second dispatcher and after determining expirationof the remaining time delay, each of the two or more other events of theplurality of events in the second dispatch queue for execution.
 8. Amethod comprising: processing, using a first dispatcher, two or more ofa plurality of events to generate a dispatch queue; determining, usingthe first dispatcher, a plurality of time delays, each time delay of theplurality of time delays corresponding to a respective event in thedispatch queue; determining, using the first dispatcher, that all of theplurality of time delays have expired; and dispatching, using the firstdispatcher and based on the determination that all of the plurality oftime delays have expired, each of the two or more of the plurality ofevents in the dispatch queue for execution in a cloud environment. 9.The method of claim 8, further comprising: receiving, at a task managerhosted on a cloud event mapping platform, the plurality of events,wherein the task manager comprises a first object hosted by the cloudevent mapping platform and is configured to translate events from asource domain to a destination domain by: identifying each of theplurality of events; determining a dispatcher for each of the pluralityof events; and providing the plurality of events to the respectivedispatchers.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the source domaincorresponds to a local file system, wherein the destination domaincorresponds to the cloud environment, and wherein the plurality ofevents correspond to events taken on cloud-based files by the local filesystem.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein translating the events fromthe source domain to the destination domain causes a cloud storageapplication to update data in the cloud environment based on theplurality of events from the local file system.
 12. The method of claim11, further comprising updating, based on execution of the plurality ofevents, the cloud storage application.
 13. One or more non-transitorycomputer-readable media storing instructions that, when executed by acomputing platform comprising at least one processor, a communicationinterface, and memory, cause the computing platform to: process, using afirst dispatcher, two or more of a plurality of events to generate adispatch queue; determine, using the first dispatcher, a plurality oftime delays, each time delay of the plurality of time delayscorresponding to a respective event in the dispatch queue; determine,using the first dispatcher, that all of the plurality of time delayshave expired; and provide, using the first dispatcher and based on thedetermination that all of the plurality of time delays have expired, thetwo or more of the plurality of events in the dispatch queue forexecution.
 14. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media ofclaim 13, wherein: the first dispatcher is one of a plurality ofdispatchers, the plurality of dispatchers includes a second dispatchercomprising a second object hosted by the computing platform, and thesecond dispatcher is configured to add an event to a second dispatchqueue, perform heuristics on the second dispatch queue, and provide thesecond dispatch queue for execution by the computing platform after apredetermined period of time.
 15. The one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable media of claim 14, wherein the memory storesadditional computer readable media storing instructions, that whenexecuted by the at least one processor, cause the computing platform todetermine a different predetermined period of time for each event typerepresented in the dispatch queue.
 16. The one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable media of claim 15, wherein the memory storesadditional computer readable media storing instructions, that whenexecuted by the at least one processor, cause the computing platform toperform the heuristics on the dispatch queue by performing one or moreof: modifying, eliminating, and adding events.
 17. The one or morenon-transitory computer-readable media of claim 16, wherein the memorystores additional computer readable media storing instructions, thatwhen executed by the at least one processor, cause the computingplatform to dynamically adjust the predetermined period of time based onan event context.
 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readablemedia of claim 17, wherein each of the plurality of dispatchers arehosted by the computing platform.
 19. The one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable media of claim 18, wherein the predetermined period oftime is adjusted at the first dispatcher and wherein the event contextcorresponds to an event at the second dispatcher.
 20. The one or morenon-transitory computer-readable media of claim 14, wherein the memorystores additional computer readable media storing instructions, thatwhen executed by the at least one processor, cause the computingplatform to determine the heuristics using one or more machine learningalgorithms and one or more machine learning datasets stored at thecomputing platform.